NR565 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY FUNDAMENTALS MIDTERM AND FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2024-2025 WITH 300 UPDATED QUESTION AND ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) [ALREADY GRADED A+]

NR565 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY
FUNDAMENTALS MIDTERM AND FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE 2024-2025 WITH 300 UPDATED
QUESTION AND ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) [ALREADY GRADED A+]
Monitor blood pressure and pulse rate; also, patients should weigh
themselves daily and evaluate for decreased edema. Have patients monitor
for signs or symptoms of HYPOKALEMIA - Thiazide Monitoring
Decrease blood pressure;
Improve hemodynamics in patients with heart failure, Drug of choice for
patients w/ CKD or DM
Reduce mortality, and treat heart failure after myocardial infarction. -
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors Therapeutic Goal
cough, angioedema, first-dose hypotension (arteriolar dilation),
hyperkalemia (due to inhibition of aldosterone release which can cause
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potassium retention by the kidney.) - Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme
(ACE) Inhibitors Adverse Effects
produce their beneficial effects and adverse effects by (1) reducing levels
of angiotensin II (through inhibition of ACE) and (2) increasing levels of
bradykinin (through inhibition of kinase II) - ACE Inhibitor Mechanism of
Action
Lisinopril; Ramipril; Catopril; - Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE)
Inhibitor Prototype Drug
checking creatinine 2-4 weeks after starting. Have patients track blood
pressure values; patients w/ diabetic nephropathy, monitor proteinuria and
glomerular filtration rate - Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors
Monitoring
contraindicated during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy and in
patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis. - Angiotensin-Converting
Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors Contraindication
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Diuretics may intensify first-dose hypotension; other antihypertensive
agents;
HYPERKALEMIA RISK: AVOID Drugs That Raise Potassium Levels;
Lithium;
NSAIDS (may reduce antihypertensive effects of ACE I) - ACE Inhibitor
Drug Interactions
Indicated for individuals that cannot tolerate ACE Inhibitors due to
cough/angioedema; Similar mechanism of action; - Angiotensin II Receptor
Blockers (ARBs)
block the actions of angiotensin II at receptor site; block access of
angiotensin II to its receptors in blood vessels, the adrenals, and all other
tissues. - Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers Mechanism of Action
Reduce blood pressure in patients with hypertension, improve
hemodynamics in patients with heart failure, slow progression of
established diabetic nephropathy, reduce mortality, and treat heart failure
after myocardial infarction - Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers Therapeutic
Goal
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do not inhibit kinase II and hence do not increase levels of bradykinin in the
lung. a lower risk for cough; do not cause clinically significant hyperkalemia
- Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers Difference from ACE Inhibitors
Angioedema; can cause renal failure in patients with bilateral renal artery
stenosis or stenosis in the artery to a single remaining kidney; - ARBs
Adverse Effects
Fetal Toxicity; Cannot be taken during pregnancy - ARBs/ACE Inhibitor
Black Box Warning
Other antihypertensive agents - ARBs Drug Interaction
Renal Montioring; - Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers Monitoring
Losartan - ARBs Prototype Drug
third generation β blocker; act on both alpha and beta receptors; acts on
β1, β2, α1 causing vasodilation - Labetalol